BDSN Overview

Twenty-five of the BDSN sites are equipped with 3 component broadband seismometers and strong-motion accelerometers, and a 24-bit digital data acquisition system or datalogger. Two additional sites (RFSB and SCCB) consist of a strong-motion accelerometer and a 24-bit digital datalogger. Data from all BDSN stations are transmitted to UC Berkeley using continuous telemetry. In order to insure against data loss during utility disruptions, each site has a 3-day supply of battery power and is accessible via a dialup phone line. The combination of high-dynamic range sensors and digital dataloggers ensures that the BDSN has the capability to record the full range of earthquake motion for source and structure studies. Table 3.2 lists the instrumentation at each site.

Most BDSN stations have Streckeisen STS-1 or STS-2 three-component broadband sensors (Wielandt and Streckeisen, 1982; Wielandt and Steim, 1986). Guralp CMG-3T downhole broadband sensors contributed by LLNL are deployed in post-hole installations at BRIB and FARB. The strong-motion instruments are Kinemetrics FBA-23 or FBA-ES-T with $\pm$ 2 g dynamic range. The recording systems at all sites are either Q330, Q680, Q730, or Q4120 Quanterra dataloggers, with 3, 6, 8, or 9 channel systems. The Quanterra dataloggers employ FIR filters to extract data streams at a variety of sampling rates. In general, the BDSN stations record continuous data at .01, 0.1, 1.0, 20.0 or 40.0, and 80 or 100 samples per second, although some sites send triggered data at the highest sampling rate using the Murdock, Hutt, and Halbert event detection algorithm (Murdock and Hutt, 1983) (Table 3.3). In addition to the 6-channels of seismic data, signals from thermometers and barometers are recorded at nearly every site (Figure 3.2).

In parallel with the upgrade of the broadband network, a grant from the CalREN Foundation (California Research and Education Network) in 1994 enabled the BSL to convert data telemetry from analog leased lines to digital frame-relay connections. The frame-relay network uses digital phone circuits that can support 56 Kbit/s to 1.5 Mbit/s throughput. Since frame-relay is a packet-switched network, a site may use a single physical circuit to communicate with multiple remote sites through the use of ``permanent virtual circuits". Frame Relay Access Devices (FRADs), which replace modems in a frame-relay network, can simultaneously support multiple interfaces such as RS-232 async ports, synchronous V.35 ports, and ethernet connections. In practical terms, the upgrade to frame relay communication provides faster data telemetry between the remote sites and the BSL, remote console control of the dataloggers, additional services such as FTP and telnet to the dataloggers, data transmission to multiple sites, and the ability to communicate and transmit data from multiple instruments such as GPS receivers and/or multiple dataloggers at a single site. Today, 23 of the BDSN sites use frame-relay telemetry for all or part of their communications system.

**Figure 3.2:** Schematic diagram showing the flow of data from the sensors through the dataloggers to the central acquisition facilities of the BSL.
$\begin{figure}\begin{center} \epsfig{file=dataflow.eps,width=10cm, bbllx=142,bblly=26,bburx=491,bbury=768}\end{center}\end{figure}$

Table 3.1: Currently operating stations of the Berkeley Digital Seismic Network. Each BDSN station is listed with its station code, network id, location, operational dates, and site description. The latitude and longitude (in degrees) are given in the WGS84 reference frame and the elevation (in meters) is relative to the WGS84 reference ellipsoid. The elevation is either the elevation of the pier (for stations sited on the surface or in mining drifts) or the elevation of the well head (for stations sited in boreholes). The overburden is given in meters. The date indicates either the upgrade or installation time.

Code	Net	Latitude	Longitude	Elev (m)	Over (m)	Date	Location
BDM	BK	37.9540	-121.8655	219.8	34.7	1998/11 -	Black Diamond Mines, Antioch
BKS	BK	37.8762	-122.2356	243.9	25.6	1988/01 -	Byerly Vault, Berkeley
BRIB	BK	37.9189	-122.1518	219.7	2.5	1995/06 -	Briones Reservation, Orinda
BRK	BK	37.8735	-122.2610	49.4	2.7	1994/03 -	Haviland Hall, Berkeley
CMB	BK	38.0346	-120.3865	697.0	2	1986/10 -	Columbia College, Columbia
CVS	BK	38.3453	-122.4584	295.1	23.2	1997/10 -	Carmenet Vineyard, Sonoma
FARB	BK	37.6978	-123.0011	-18.5	0	1997/03 -	Farallon Island
GASB	BK	39.6547	-122.716	1354.8	2	2004/06 -	Alder Springs
HOPS	BK	38.9935	-123.0723	299.1	3	1994/10 -	Hopland Field Stat., Hopland
HUMO	BK	42.6071	-122.9567	554.9	50	2002/06 -	Hull Mountain, Oregon
JCC	BK	40.8175	-124.0296	27.2	0	2001/04 -	Jacoby Creek
JRSC	BK	37.4037	-122.2387	70.5	0	1994/07 -	Jasper Ridge, Stanford
KCC	BK	37.3236	-119.3187	888.1	87.3	1995/11 -	Kaiser Creek
MCCM	BK	38.1448	237.120	-7.7	2	2005/09 -	Marconi Conference Center, Marshall
MHC	BK	37.3416	-121.6426	1250.4	0	1987/10 -	Lick Obs., Mt. Hamilton
MNRC	BK	38.8787	-122.4428	704.8	3	2003/06 -	McLaughlin Mine, Lower Lake
MOBB	BK	36.6907	-122.1660	-1036.5	1	2002/04 -	Monterey Bay
MOD	BK	41.9025	-120.3029	1554.5	5	1999/10 -	Modoc Plateau
ORV	BK	39.5545	-121.5004	334.7	0	1992/07 -	Oroville
PACP	BK	37.0080	-121.2870	844	0	2003/06 -	Pacheco Peak
PKD	BK	35.9452	-120.5416	583.0	3	1996/08 -	Bear Valley Ranch, Parkfield
POTR	BK	38.2026	-121.9353	20.0	6.5	1998/02 -	Potrero Hill, Fairfield (closed 02/2005)
RFSB	BK	37.9161	-122.3361	-26.7	0	2001/02 -	RFS, Richmond
SAO	BK	36.7640	-121.4472	317.2	3	1988/01 -	San Andreas Obs., Hollister
SCCB	BK	37.2874	-121.8642	98	0	2000/04 -	SCC Comm., Santa Clara
WDC	BK	40.5799	-122.5411	268.3	75	1992/07 -	Whiskeytown
WENL	BK	37.6221	-121.7570	138.9	30.3	1997/06 -	Wente Vineyards, Livermore
YBH	BK	41.7320	-122.7104	1059.7	60.4	1993/07 -	Yreka Blue Horn Mine, Yreka

Table 3.2: Instrumentation of the BDSN as of 06/30/2005. Every BDSN station consists of collocated broadband and strong-motion sensors, with the exception of PKD1, RFSB and SCCB which are strong-motion only, with a 24-bit Quanterra datalogger and GPS timing. Additional columns indicate the installation of a thermometer/barometer package (T/B), collocated GPS receiver as part of the BARD network (GPS), and additional equipment (Other) such as warpless baseplates or electromagnetic sensors (EM). The obs station MOBB also has a current meter and differential pressure gauge (DPG). The main and alternate telemetry paths are summarized for each station. FR - frame relay circuit, R - radio, Mi - microwave, POTS - plain old telephone line, VSAT - USGS ANSS satellite link, None - no telemetry at this time. An entry like R-Mi-FR indicates multiple telemetry links, in this case, radio to microwave to frame relay.

Code	Broadband	Strong-motion	datalogger	T/B	GPS	Other	Telemetry	Dial-up
BDM	STS-2	FBA-23	Q4120	X			FR
BKS	STS-1	FBA-23	Q980	X		Baseplates	FR	X
BRIB	CMG-3T	FBA-23	Q980		X	Vol. Strain	FR	X
BRK	STS-2	FBA-23	Q680				POTS
CMB	STS-1	FBA-23	Q980	X	X	Baseplates	FR	X
CVS	STS-2	FBA-23	Q4120	X			FR
FARB	CMG-3T	FBA-23	Q4120	X	X		R-FR/R
GASB	STS-2	FBA-ES-T	Q4120	X			R-FR
HOPS	STS-1	FBA-23	Q980	X	X	Baseplates	FR	X
HUMO	STS-2	FBA-ES-T	Q4120	X			VSAT	X
JCC	STS-2	FBA-23	Q980	X			FR	X
JRSC	STS-2	FBA-23	Q680				FR	X
KCC	STS-1	FBA-23	Q980	X		Baseplates	R-Mi-FR	X
MCCM	STS-2	FBA-ES-T	Q4120				VSAT
MHC	STS-1	FBA-23	Q980	X	X		FR	X
MNRC	STS-2	FBA-ES-T	Q4120	X			None	X
MOBB	CMG-1T		GEOSense			Current meter, DPG	None
MOD	STS-1	FBA-ES-T	Q980	X	X	Baseplates	VSAT	X
ORV	STS-1	FBA-23	Q980	X	X	Baseplates	FR	X
PACP	STS-2	FBA-ES-T	Q4120	X			Mi/FR
PKD	STS-2	FBA-23	Q980	X	X	EM	R-FR	X
POTR	STS-2	FBA-ES-T	Q4120	X	X		FR	X
RFSB		FBA-ES-T	Q730				FR
SAO	STS-1	FBA-23	Q980	X	X	Baseplates, EM	FR	X
SCCB		FBA-ES-T	Q730		X		FR
WDC	STS-2	FBA-23	Q980	X			FR	X
WENL	STS-2	FBA-23	Q4120	X			FR
YBH	STS-1 & STS-2	FBA-23	Q980	X	X	Baseplates	FR	X

As described in Chapter 9, data from the BDSN are acquired centrally at the BSL. These data are used for rapid earthquake reporting as well as for routine earthquake analysis (Chapters 4 and 10). As part of routine quality control (Chapter 9), power spectral density (PSD) analyses are performed weekly and Figure 3.3 shows a summary of the results for 2004-2005.

The occurrence of a significant teleseism also provides the opportunity to review station health and calibration. Figure 3.4 displays BDSN waveforms for a $M_{w}$ 7.1 deep focus earthquake in the Fiji region on July 15, 2004.

**Figure 3.3:** PSD noise analysis for BDSN stations, by channel, in the period range from 32-128 sec from 7/1/2004-6/30/2005. BRIB (situation in a shallow vault that is prone to tilting) and FARB (located on the Farallon Islands) stand out as sites with high noise levels. HUMO (located in an abandoned mine) stands out as an exceptionally quiet site.
$\begin{figure}\begin{center} \epsfig{file=psd.eps, width=14cm}\end{center}\end{figure}$

**Figure 3.4:** BDSN broadband vertical-component waveforms for a $M_{w}$ 7.1 deep focus earthquake (565 km) which occurred in the Fiji Region on July 15, 2004. The waveforms were deconvolved to absolute ground acceleration, 10-100 second band pass filtered, and plotted in order of increasing distance from FARB at 76.0 degrees to MOD at 80.1 degrees. Shown are the P, pP, and sP body wave phases. Note that the body waves are highly similar across the BK network and that most noticeable differences are in the coda detail and the absolute amplitudes. This provides confirmation that the station transfer function and polarities are correct. The stations MNRC and POTR especially stand out in that their amplitudes are significantly larger than is observed at the other BDSN stations, owing primarily to their siting in the proximity of thick alluvial deposits which amplify the ground motions.
$\begin{figure}\begin{center} \epsfig{file=teles.eps, width=12cm}\end{center}\end{figure}$

BDSN data are archived at the Northern California Earthquake Data Center. This is described in detail in Chapter 11.

Table 3.3: Typical data streams acquired at BDSN stations, with channel name, sampling rate, sampling mode, and the FIR filter type. SM indicates strong-motion; C continuous; T triggered; Ac acausal; Ca causal. The LL and BL strong-motion channels are not transmitted over the continuous telemetry but are available on the Quanterra disk system if needed. The HH channels are recorded at two different rates, depending on the dataloger type. Q4120s provide 100 sps and causal filtering; Q680/980s provide 80 sps and acausal filtering. The BH channels were changed from 20 to 40 sps this year as described below.

Sensor	Channel	Rate (sps)	Mode	FIR
Broadband	UH?	0.01	C	Ac
Broadband	VH?	0.1	C	Ac
Broadband	LH?	1	C	Ac
Broadband	BH?	20/40	C	Ac
Broadband	HH?	80/100	C	Ac/Ca
SM	LL?	1	C	Ac
SM	BL?	20/40	C	Ac
SM	HL?	80/100	C	Ac/Ca
Thermometer	LKS	1	C	Ac
Barometer	LDS	1	C	Ac