MICHAEL MANGA
EPS 108: Geodynamics
Syllabus, Fall 2012
The catalog description reads: ``Basic principles in studying the physical
properties of earth materials and the dynamic processes of the earth. Examples
are drawn from tectonics, mechanics or earthquakes, etc., to augment course
material.'' From the more detailed outline below, it will be apparent that
the emphasis is on the dynamics of geological and geophysical processes,
rather than properties of earth materials.
The outline below also contains a list of topics to be covered and
reading assignments
(and sometimes suggested supplementary reading). Homework assignments
will sometimes be posted as pdf files in this outline too (but homework
will usually be distributed in class).
Class meeting times:
Formal lectures are held Mondays and Wednesdays from 9:00 am - 10:00 am,
and Fridays from 1:00 pm to 2:00 pm,
in McCone 265.
There may be a discussion section (time to be arranged) to review basic
math, to help with homework, and discuss progress with term projects.
Prerequisites:
EPS 60 and Physics 7a; or Math 53, 54; or permission of instructor
Text and notes:
D.L. Turcotte and G. Schubert, Geodynamics, 2nd edition, Cambridge
University Press, 2002 (prices on bn.com are $73.81 for the paperback edition; there are probably lots of used versions floating around)
I will also refer to Schubert et al. (Mantle Convection), Davies (Dynamic Earth), Jaupart and Mareschal (Heat Generation and Transport in Earth), Watts (Isostasy and flexure of the lithosphere), and Cox and Hart (Plate tectonics, How it works). These other 5 books are on reserve in the Earth Science library
The course will follow the structure of Turcotte and Schubert quite closely.
Instructor:
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Michael Manga (3-8532), McCone 381, office hours Fridays 3-5 (shared with EPS 50 students)
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manga@seismo
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GSI: Brent Delbridge
Course evaluation:
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Homework 30 %
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THREE Midterms 45 %
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Term paper/project and presentation 25 % -- provide a topic and abstract
BEFORE November 5
Term project:
The term project should address some topic or issue in geodynamics. Ideally the topic is not one
covered in class because during the scheduled exam period you will present
an overview of your term project to the class (3-5 minutes allowed, only).
You are encouraged to think more broadly than simply reviewing the literature
-- you could outline an approach to addressing an unresolved question,
actaully solve a problem, perform some numerical calculations, do some
lab experiments . . . . You will need to submit an abstract of your project --
in the form of an AGU abstract -- by November 15. Please go to AGU homepage)
to see examples of abstracts.
Please also see other guides for writing abstracts.
The final term project will be submitted in a format and length similar
to Geophysical Research Letters papers. Templates and length limitations for these
papers be downloaded by the journal homepage
(follow links from AGU homepage)
Outline
Weeks 1 and 2 (August 24, 27, 29, and 31): Plate tectonics
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Introduction to geodynamics and plate tectonics
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Types of plate boundaries, triple junctions,
Euler poles, plate tectonics on a sphere
- Homework 1 due Wednesday September 5 (distributed in class), Homework 2 due Friday, September 7
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Reading:
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Turcotte and Schubert, Chapter 1
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Much of the lecture materials come from, and the basis for the homework
exercises is, Plate tectonics: How it works by Cox and Hart, Blackwell,
1986; this book will be put on reserve in the Earth Science library
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A couple books that describe the history behind, and people who developed,
plate tectonics ideas: Oreskes, Plate tectonics: An insider's history of
the modern theory of the Earth, Westview Press, 2001; Menard, The Ocean of Truth, Princeton University Press, 1980.
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A few short and classic papers:
- Seafloor magnetic anomalies: Vine and Matthews (1963) Nature, vol. 199, 947
- Mantle plumes: Morgan (1971) Nature, vol. 230, 42-43;
Wilson (1963) Canadian J. Physics, vol. 41, 863-870
- Plate tectonics: McKenzie and Parker (1967) Nature, vol. 216, 1276-1280; Morgan (1968) J. Geophys. Res., vol. 73, 1959-1982
- Wilson cycle: Wilson (1966) Nature, vol. 211, 676-681
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Some additional references:
- Illustration of
spherical harmonics. The videos are especially nice.
- We will not cover core dynamics and geomagnetism in much
detail (EPS 122 often does, however);
check out this Geomagnetism
web site for lots of nice images, good explanations, freeware, and datasets
- A fantastic mapping site (you can plot topography, plate velocities,
strain rate, stress, volcanoes, earthquakes, geoid, gravity, all
with a couple clicks of your mouse): Unavco mapping tool. The junior option is exceptionally easy to use.
- also a useful reference: Hemant et al. (2007) Magnetic anomaly map of the world: merging satellite, airborne, marine and ground-based magnetic data sets, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 260, 56-71.
Weeks 3-4 (September 5, 7, 10, 12, and 14) Stress, strain and elastic
deformation
- Force, stress and pressure
- Strain and strain rate
- Elastic deformation
- Bending and buckling of plates
- Dynamics of basins
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Reading: Turcotte and Schubert, Chapters 2-3
- Homework 3 due September 14 (homework set will distributed in class)
- Homework 4 due September 21 (homework set will distributed in class)
Week 5-6 (September 17, 19, 21, 24, 26, and 28) Heat transfer
- Fourier's law
- Steady and unsteady heat transfer, moving boundaries
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Reading: Turcotte and Schubert, Chapter 4
- Homework 5 due September 28 (homework set will distributed in class)
- Homework 6 due October 4 (homework set will distributed in class)
- A reading suggestion: Huang, Pollack, and Shen (2000) Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperature, Nature, vol. 403: 756-758.
- For data, maps, and other good links, check out the International Heat Flow Commission IHFC
Weeks 7-10 (October 1, 3, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 19, 22, and 24 with midterm on
October 5) Fluid Mechanics and MIDTERM 1
- Channel flows, plumes, thermal convection, gravity currents
- High and low Re flows, and dimensional analysis
- Numerical simulations of mantle convection
- A few photographs from lab experiments can be found on
Manga's lab page.
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Reading: Turcotte and Schubert, Chapter 6
- Homework 7 due October 12 (homework set will distributed in class)
- Homework 8 due October 19 (homework set will distributed in class)
- Homework 9 due October 26 (homework set will distributed in class)
- Homework 10 due November 2 (posted on bspace)
will be based on a lab experiment you do IN CLASS)
- MIDTERM on October 4
Weeks 10-11 (October 26, 29, 31) Gravity
- Deformation of the Earth (EPS 122 covers this topic in much more detail)
- Gravity anomalies
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Reading: Turcotte and Schubert, Chapter 5
Week 12 (November 2, 7, and 9 and midterm November 5) Porous Media
- Darcy's law
- Aquifers
- Geothermal systems
- Magma migration
- Homework 11 due November 16 (homework set will distributed in class)
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Reading: Turcotte and Schubert, Chapter 9 (I think this is a very nice
discussion of flow in porous media)
Weeks 13-14 (November 14, 16, and 19) Rheology of geological
materials and faulting
- Diffusion and dislocation creep
- Rheological models
- Friction and faulting
- Homework 12 due November 30 (homework set will distributed in class)
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Reading: Turcotte and Schubert, Chapters 7-8
Week 15 (November 26, last midterm November 30, and FIELD TRIP on November 28) Rotation, field trip, and MIDTERM 3
- November 26: effects of rotation
- November 30: MIDTERM NUMBER 3
- Presentations, 3 minutes each on Thursday December 13, between 7 and 10 pm (but I hope we will be done well before 10 pm)
- TERM PROJECT DUE ON THE DATE OF THE SCHEDULED FINAL EXAM (Thursday December 13)
- The field trip will be to Alum Rock Park, leaving around 9 am, back around 2 pm; it is optional
The scheduled final exam is Thursday December 13 from 7-10 pm. We can use this slot for presentation of term projects.
Useful links
- Peter Bird's plate boundaries
- Global Earth data sets including topography, earthquake data, gravity, plate motions,
seafloor ages, volcanism data, sediment thickness, world stress map, and seismic hazard; list and links compiled by Thorsten Becker at
Harvard University
- International Heat Flow Commission IHFC
Cartoon created by Helge Gonnermann (from Jellinek and Manga, Reviews of Geophysics, 2005), showing some of the
structures that might exist and processes that might occur within
the mantle.
Return to Michael's
home page