MICHAEL MANGA

Instructors: Chi Wang and Michael Manga

First meeting: Wednesday, January 22, 1:30 pm

Class meeting times: Wednesdays 1:30 pm

Room: McCone 401

A preliminary syllabus(with readings):

• Introduction: Fundamentals of groundwater transport, solute transport and heat transport (Homework number 1) (1 week)
• Permeability models (1 week)
• Is Darcy's law valid at low permeabilities? Neuzil, C.E. (1986) Groundwater flow in low permeability environments, Water Resour. Res., vol. 22, 1163-1195; Neuzil, C.E. (1994) How permeable are clays and shales? Water Resour. Res., vol. 30, 145-150.
• Selected reading from the book Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks, edited by B. Evans and T.-F. Wong, Academic Press (1992)
• Scale-dependence of permeability (1 week):
• Schulze-Makuch, D., D.A. Carlson, D.S. Cherkauer, and P. Malik (1999) Scale dependency of hydraulic conductivity in heterogeneous media. Ground Water, vol. 37: 904-919.pdf
• Rovey, C.W., and D.S. Cherkauer (1995). Scale dependency of hydraulic conductivity measurements. Ground Water, vol. 33: 769-780.pdf
• Guima, J., L. Vives, and J. Carrera (1995) A discussion of scale effects on hydrualic conductivity at a granitic site (El Berrocal, Spain). Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 22: 1449-1452.pdf
• Time-dependence of permeability (2 weeks)
• Geochemical effects
• Fontaine, F.J., M. Rabinowicz, and J. Boulegue (2001) Permeability changes due to mineral diagenesis in fractured crust: implications for hydrothermal circulation at mid-ocean ridges. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., vol. 184: 407-425. pdf
• Bolton, E.W., A.C. Lasaga, and D.M. Rye (1999) Long-term flow/chemistry feedback in a porous medium with heterogenous permeability: Kinetic control of dissolution and precipitation. Amer. J. Sci., vol. 299: 1-68.
• Lowell, R.P., P. VanCappellan, and L.N. Germanovitch (1993) Silica precipitation in fracrures and the evolution of permeability in hydrothermal upflow zones. Science, vol. 260: 192-194.
• Lowell, R.P. and Y. Yao (2002) Anhydrite precipitation and the extent of hydrothermal recharge zones at ocean ridge crests. J. Geophy. Res., vol. 107, doi:10.1029/2001JB001289. pdf
• Steefel, C.I., and A.C. Lasaga (1992) Putting transport into water-rock interaction models, Geology, vol. 20, 680-684.
• Physical effects
• Sclater, J.G. (2003) Ins and outs on the ocean floor, Nature, vol. 421, 590-591.
• Fisher, A.T. et al. (2003) Hydrothermal recharge and discharge across 50 km guided by seamounts on a young ridge flank, Nature, vol. 421, 618-621.
• Connolly, P., and J. Cosgrove (1999) Prediction of fracture-induced permeability and fluid flow in the crust using experimental stress data. AAPG Bull. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol., vol. 83: 757-777.
• Cartwright (1994) Episodic basin-wide fluid expulsion from geopressured shale sequences in the North Sea basin, Geology, vol. 22, 447-450.
• Roberts and Nunn (1995) Episodic fluid expulsion from geopressured sediments, Marine Petroleum Geology, vol. 12, 195-204.
• Wang and Xie (1998) Hydrofracturing and episodic fluid flow in shale-rich basins - a numerical study, AAPG, vol. 82, 1857-1869.
• Pore pressure and liquefaction in earthquakes (1 week):
  • Manga, M., E.E. Brodsky, and M. Boone (2003) Response of streamflow to multiple earthquakes, Geophys. Res. Lett., in press.
  pdf
  • Terzaghi et al. (1996) Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, 3rd edition, section 20.9
  • Holzer, Youd and Hanks (1989) Dynamics of liquefaction during the 1987 Superstition Hills, California, earthquake, Science,, 247, 56-59.
  • Law, Cao and He (1990) An energy approach for assessing seismic liquefaction potential, Canadian Geotechnical J., 27, 320-329.
  • Chi Wang will also talk about ``Coseismic ground motion, water-level change and liquefaction in sedimentary basins - Field-based relations from the 1999 Chi-Chi (Mw=7.5) earthquake, Taiwan''; here is a draft of this work
  text; Fig 1; Fig 2; Fig 3; Fig 4; Fig 5
• Overview of linear poroelasticity (1 week):
  • reference: Wang (2000) Theory of linear poroelasticity, Princeton University Press
• Seismic waves and fluid flow (2 weeks):
• Dvorkin, J. et al. (1994) The squirt-flow mechanism - Macroscopic description. Geophysics, vol. 59: 428-438.
• Berryman, J. (1988) Seismic wave attenuation in fluid-saturated porous media. PAGEOPH, vol. 128: 423-432.
• Johnson, D.L., J. Koplik and R. Dashen (1987) Theory of dynamic permeability and tortuosity in fluid saturated porous media, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 176, 379-402.
• Sheng and Zhou (1988) Dynamic permeability in porous media, Physical Review Letters, 61, 1591-1594. also Comments by Johnson and Reply by Sheng et al. (1989) Phys. Rev. Lett., 63, 580-581.
• Biot (1956a) Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturated porous solid, I. Low frequency range, J. Acoust. Soc., Am., 28, 168-178.
• Biot (1956b) Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturated porous solid, II. High frequency range, J. Acoust. Soc., Am., 28, 179-191.
• Earthquakes, pore pressure, and permeability (2 weeks)
• Blanpied, M.L., C.J. Marone, D.A. Lockner, J.D. Byerlee, and others (1998) Quantitative measure of the variation in fault rheology due to fluid-rock interactions. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 103: 9691-9712.
• Blanpied, M.L., D.A. Lockner, J.D. Byerlee (1992) An earthquake mechanism based on rapid sealing of faults. Nature, vol. 358: 574-576.
• Crampin et al. (2002) Indication of high pore-fluid pressures in a seismically active fault zone. Geophys. J. Int., vol. 151: f1-f5.
• Streit and Cox (2001) Fluid pressures at hypocenters of moderate to large earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 106, 2235-2243.
• Applications of Poroelasticity (1 week1)
• Cocco and Rice (2002) Pore pressure and poroelasticity effects in Coulomb stress analysis of earthquake interactions, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 107, B2, 10.1029.
• Segall. P. (1985) Stress and subsidence resulting from subsurface fluid withdrawal in the epicentral region of the 1983 Colinga earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 90, 6801-6816.
• Bachrach et al. (2001) Liquefaction and dynamic poroelasticity, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 106, 13,515-13,526.
• Permeability of the Earth's crust (1 week)
• Eichhubl and Boles (2000) Rates of fluid flow in fault systems - evidence for episodic rapid flow in the Miocene Montery formation, Coastal California, Amer. J. Sc., vol. 300: 571-600.
• Ingebritsen, S.E., and C.E. Manning (1999) Geological implications of a permeability-depth curve for the continental crust. Geology,vol. 27: 1107-1110.
• Manning, C.E., and S.E. Ingebritsen (1999) Permeability of the continental crust: Implications of geothermal data and metamorphic systems. Rev. Geophys., vol. 37: 127-150.
• Permeability of the Martian crust (2 weeks: April 16 and May 7)

For April 16, please read
• Clifford, S.M., and T.J. Parker (2001) The evolution of the Martian hydrosphere: Implications for the fate of a primordial ocean and the current state of the northern plains. Icarus, vol. 154: 40-79. pdf

For May 7, we will discuss one paper and then review/summarize the issues discussed in class. In particular, what are the important and outstanding issues in quantifying subsurface flow? What is most important for understanding groundwater flow on Mars?
• Gaidos, E. (2001) Cryovolcanism and the recent flow of liquid water on Mars, Icarus, vol. 153, 218-223. pdf